- 3. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies.
A. KIND OF ADJECTIVE
A possessive adjective modifies a noun by telling whom it belongs to. It answers the question “Whose?”
Examples are: his, her, its, my, our, their, and your.
– You can share my rice.
– Have you seen their house?
– This is his room.
– They are our friends.
The demonstrative adjectives that, these, this, those, and what answer the question “Which?”
– I’m going to open that present.
– Whose is this bag?
– These mangoes are very sweet.
A demonstrative adjective may look like a demonstrative pronoun, but it is used differently in the sentence.
The interrogative adjectives are used with nouns to ask questions. Examples are what, which and whose.
– What movie do you want to see?
– Which leaves turn color first?
– Whose son is he?
An interrogative adjective may look like an interrogative pronoun, but it is used differently in the sentence: it is an adjective, used to modify a noun or pronoun.
An indefinite adjective gives indefinite, or general, information. Often, it answers the question “How much?” Some common indefinite adjectives are all, any, each, every, few, many, and some.
– Many children like dinosaurs.
– Did you want some bananas?
– Is there any water in the bottle?
An indefinite adjective may look like an indefinite pronoun, but it is used differently in the sentence: it is an adjective, used to modify a noun or pronoun.
B. DEGREE OF ADJECTIVE
This is the form in which an adjective is listed in a vocabulary or dictionary, such as:
acer, acris, acre |
– |
keen, sharp |
iratus, a, um |
– |
angry |
pinguis, pingue |
– |
fat |
bonus, a, um |
– |
good |
laetus, a, um |
– |
happy |
prudens, prudentis |
– |
wise, sensible |
celer, celeris, celere |
– |
swift |
magnus, a, um |
– |
large, great |
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum |
– |
beautiful |
facilis, facile |
– |
easy |
nobilis, nobile |
– |
noble |
stultus, a, um |
– |
stupid |
Some of these adjectives belong to the first and second declension and some to the third declension. They never leave their declensions while they are positive degree adjectives, no matter what the declension of the noun that they modify. They must always agree in gender, case and number with their noun, and they may happen to agree in declension too. Thus, you will see such combinations as:
1st/2nd declension adjective & 1st, 2nd, 3rd declension nouns
- irata ancilla, iratae ancillae
- iratus vir, irati viri
- iratus consul, irati consulis
- irata imperatrix, iratae imperatricis
3rd declension adjective & 1st, 2nd, 3rd declension plural nouns
- celeres raedae, celerium raedarum
- celeres pueri, celerium puerorum
- celeria itinera, celerium itinerum
In English, represented by the “more —– ” or “—–er” forms. In Latin, by endings that incorporate -ior or -ius. To form the comparative, add -ior to the stem. The only exception is that -ius, instead of -ior, is added to the stem for the neuter nominative and accusative singular forms. The comparative adjective in Latin is always declined in the 3rd declension:
iratior, iratius |
– |
angrier |
laetior, laetius |
– |
happier |
stultior, stultius |
– |
more foolish |
prudentior, -ius |
– |
more sensible |
pinguior, pinguius |
– |
fatter |
nobilior, nobilius |
– |
nobler |
facilior, facilius |
– |
easier |
pulchrior, pulchrius |
– |
more beautiful |
celerior, celerius |
– |
swifter |
acrior, acrius |
– |
keener |
|
Notice above that pulcher and acer drop out -e-, so that the stem is pulchr- or acr-, and the comparative form is built on that stem. Magnus and bonus, two very common adjective, have irregular forms that are discussed on the Irregular adjective page. Remember, a comparative form belongs ONLY to the third declension, regardless of the declension of its positive form. Examine the declensionined noun-adjective pairs below:
|
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
Singular |
nom. |
novior vir |
novior femina |
novius tempus |
gen. |
novioris viri |
novioris feminae |
novioris temporis |
dat. |
noviori viro |
noviori feminae |
noviori tempori |
acc. |
noviorem virum |
noviorem feminam |
novius tempus |
abl. |
noviore viro |
noviore feminâ |
noviore tempori |
Plural |
nom. |
noviores viri |
noviores feminae |
noviora tempora |
gen. |
noviorum viriorum |
noviorum feminarum |
noviorum temporum |
dat. |
novioribus virîs |
novioribus feminîs |
novioribus temporibus |
acc. |
noviores viros |
noviores feminas |
noviora tempora |
abl. |
novioribus virîs |
novioribus feminîs |
novioribus temporibus |
Often a comparison will contain quam because it is stating that one person or thing is more “——” than another person or thing is: A rabbit is faster than a tortoise (is) = Lepus celerior est quam testudo (est). Keep that in mind when you are translating the practice sentences below.
In English, represented by “most —–” or “very —–” or “—–est”. In Latin, the superlative is indicated by —-issimus,-a,-um, —-illimus,-a,-um, or —-errimus,-a,-um. A superlative adjective in Latin is ALWAYS declined in the 1st and 2nd declensions. To form the superlative, add -issimus to the stem of the adjective. Decline the new adjective like “altus”. There are two variations on this rule:
If the adjective ends in the nominative masculine singular in -er, double the r and then add -imus,-a,-um. For example, celer becomes celerrimus.
If the adjective is facilis, difficilis, similis, dissimilis, gracilis or humilis, double the l and then add -imus,-a,-um. For example, difficillimus. (All other adjective whose positive form ends in -lis will add the normal ending -issimus.)
iratissimus, -a, -um |
– |
very angry |
laetissimus, -a, -um |
– |
happiest |
stultissimus, -a, -um |
– |
most foolish |
prudentissimus, -a, -um |
– |
most wise |
pinguissimus, -a, -um |
– |
fattest |
nobilissimus,-a, -um |
– |
very noble |
facillimus, -a, -um |
– |
easiest |
pulcherrimus, -a, -um |
– |
most beautiful |
celerrimus, -a, -um |
– |
swiftest |
acerrimus, -a, -um |
– |
very keen |
|
C. ORDER OF ADJECTIVE
In many languages, adjectives denoting attributes usually occur in a specific order. Generally, the adjective order in English is:
- Quantity or number
- Quality or opinion
- Size
- Age
- Shape
- Color
- Proper adjective (often nationality, other place of origin, or material)
- Purpose or qualifier
For example:
– I love that really big old green antique car that always parked at the end of the street.
– My sister adopted a beautiful big white bulldog.
– When there are two or more adjectives that are from the same group, the word and is placed
between the two adjectives:
– The house is green and red.
– The library has old and new books.
When there are three or more adjectives from the same adjective group, place a comma between each of the coordinate adjectives:
– We live in the big green, white and red house at the end of the street.
– My friend lost a red, black and white watch.
A comma is not placed between an adjective and the noun.
## references: Raymond Murphy. cambridge university press. second edition. english grammar in use (the book from stikom’s library)
http://www.gingersoftware.com/grammarbook/adjectives